草石蠶

出自台灣有毒中草藥毒性資料庫

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基本資料

科別

唇形科Labiatae

屬名

草石蠶屬 Stachys

中文學名

草石蠶

拉丁學名

Stachys sieboldii Miq.

英文名稱

Chinese Artichoke,Artichoke Betony Chorogi,Japanese Artichoke

中文俗名

地蠶(救荒)、甘露子、地露、甘露兒、土蛹、寶塔菜、地蟲草、地牯牛、蟲草、冬蟲草、土冬蟲草、白冬蟲草、肺癆草、土人參、地鈕、羅漢菜、旱螺螄(湖北鶴峰),益母膏(河北),米累累(河南盧氏),地母、地蕊(四川茂汶),地蠶、寶塔菜、螺螄菜(中國蔬菜栽培)


植物圖片

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草石蠶簡介


外觀簡述

宿根性草本,地下具多數匍匐枝,頂端具螺旋狀塊莖;莖直立,高 20~50 公分,莖方形四稜,被逆生長刺毛。

葉對生,柄長 1~5 公分,葉片卵形或長卵形,長 3~10 公分,寬 1.5~6 公分,基部心臟形或近圓形,圓鋸齒緣,兩面被長柔毛。

苞片披針形,花序 3~6 輪,每輪花 3~6 朵,成塔狀穗形總狀花序,頂生枝端;小花梗基部有一對早落性剛毛狀小苞片;花萼鐘形,外被腺狀柔毛,5 齒裂;花冠淡紫紅色,冠筒內有毛圈,上唇直立而稍反捲,下唇平展 3 裂;雄蕊 4 枚,2 強,伸出花冠外;子房卵形,柱頭 2 裂。小堅果卵球形,黑色。花期 5~6 月,果期 6~7 月。花期 5~6 月。

果實

小堅果卵球形,徑約 0.15 公分,黑褐色,具小瘤。果期 6~7 月。


產地

中國大陸華北、西北地區。臺灣地區各地零星栽培供作疏食或藥用。


使用情況

1.食用:草石蠶的具多數地下匍匐枝,頂端具螺旋狀塊莖,可供食用。2.藥用:塊莖或全草:甘、平。效用:塊莖:袪風熱,利濕,活血散瘀。治黃疸,小便淋痛,風熱感冒,肺癆,虛勞咳嗽,小兒疳積,瘡毒腫痛,蛇蟲咬傷。


活性成份

[1-3]

  • 1. Glucose (stachyose (236.0 mg/g), sucrose (88.6 mg/g), raffinose (12.4 mg/g))
  • 2. Phenethyl alcohol glycosides (stachysosides A, B and C)

地上部分[4]

  • 1. acteoside (verbascoside)


活性研究

  • 1. 抗腎絲球基底膜(anti-glomerular basement membrane, anti-GBM)腎炎,主要是由自身抗體對腎絲球基底膜的抗原產生不正常的結合作用而發生的疾病,而白血球在此種腎炎中扮演主要角色之一。實驗中口服給予患有anti-GBM的大鼠30 mg/kg acetoside,每天一次,連續15天,顯著的降低尿蛋白(urinary protein)。因腎炎聚集在腎絲球的白血球(包含CD4+, ED-1, CD8+, IL2 receptor+, Ia+細胞),在給予15天後,累積在腎絲球的數量都有明顯的下降[4]。血漿中的膽固醇(cholesterol)及肌肝酸(creatinine)亦有顯著的下降[5]。
  • 2. 草石蠶中所含的aceteoside, stachysoside C, phenylethanoid glycoside,給予經氰化鉀(KCN)引起缺氧的小鼠,顯著的降低死亡小鼠的數目[3]。


毒性研究

  • 症狀
    • 未知

  • 有毒成分[17-20]
    • 1. Caffeic acid
    • 2. Verbascoside

  • 中毒劑量[6, 7]
    • 未知

  • 機轉
    • 未知

  • 基因毒性
    • 以人類淋巴細胞為模型,給予verbascoside,濃度為0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mM,測量染色體畸變(chromosome aberrations, CA)及姐妹染色體交換(sister chromosome exchange, SCE)。結果顯示染色體畸變頻率(aberration frequency)及畸變細胞在0.01 mM以上均有顯著提高。姐妹染色體交換的數量也同樣在0.01 mM以上就顯著的升高。另外,在給藥48小時後,蛋白質PPAR-1及p53量也呈現濃度相關的顯著上升。以HPLC測量給藥後的細胞液發現,verbascoside水解為caffeic acid,而caffeic acid可能就是導致這些活性的物質[7]。
    • 2. 果針對草石蠶活性成分verbascoside及caffeic acid進行果蠅翅斑試驗(Drosophila wing spot test),研究結果指出verbascoside (27-173 mM)對並不會產生任何形態的翅斑,但caffeic acid (27-135 mM)確造成翅斑產生頻率顯著下降,而最高濃度(173 mM)則顯著上升。而在高活性(含cytochrome P450酵素)組別中,caffeic acid顯著的提高翅斑的產生頻率,顯示須經代謝後草石蠶活性成分才會較具基因毒性[6]。


毒性分級

級數B


參考文獻

1. Teschke R, Bahre R. Severe hepatotoxicity by Indian Ayurvedic herbal products: a structured causality assessment. Ann Hepatol 2009; 8: 258-266.

2. Nam SW, Baek JT, Lee DS et al. A case of acute cholestatic hepatitis associated with the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (Boh-Gol-Zhee). Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2005; 43: 589-591.

3. Cheung WI, Tse ML, Ngan T et al. Liver injury associated with the use of Fructus Psoraleae (Bol-gol-zhee or Bu-gu-zhi) and its related proprietary medicine. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2009; 47: 683-685.

4. Qiao CF, Han QB, Song JZ et al. Quality assessment of fructus psoraleae. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006; 54: 887-890.

5. Qiu RL, Li L, Zhu MH, Liu J. [Study on the chemical constituents of Psoralea corylifolia]. Zhong Yao Cai 2011; 34: 1211-1213.

6. Yang TT, Li J, Qin MJ et al. [Two new compounds from Psoralea corylifolia L]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2009; 44: 1387-1390.

7. Li Y, Wang F, Chen Z. Determination of bavachin and isobavachalcone in Fructus Psoraleae by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Sep Sci 2011; 34: 514-519.

8. Qiao CF, Han QB, Song JZ et al. Chemical fingerprint and quantitative analysis of fructus psoraleae by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2007; 30: 813-818.

9. Ren YX, Qin YH, Zheng LL et al. [Electron microscopical observation on rats with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia treated with Brucea javanica and Fructus Psoraleae]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2006; 24: 473-475.

10. Lau KM, Fu LH, Cheng L et al. Two antifungal components isolated from Fructus Psoraleae and Folium Eucalypti Globuli by bioassay-guided purification. Am J Chin Med 2010; 38: 1005-1014.

11. Siu WS, Wong HL, Lau CP et al. The Effects of an Antiosteoporosis Herbal Formula Containing Epimedii Herba, Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and Psoraleae Fructus on Density and Structure of Rat Long Bones Under Tail-suspension, and its Mechanisms of Action. Phytother Res 2012.

12. Sun Y, Lee SM, Wong YM et al. Dosing effects of an antiosteoporosis herbal formula--a preclinical investigation using a rat model. Phytother Res 2008; 22: 267-273.

13. Yang HJ, Youn H, Seong KM et al. Psoralidin, a dual inhibitor of COX-2 and 5-LOX, regulates ionizing radiation (IR)-induced pulmonary inflammation. Biochemical pharmacology 2011; 82: 524-534.

14. Ming LG, Cheng KM, Ge BF et al. [Effect of isopsoralen on the proliferation and differentiate of osteoblasts in vitro]. Zhong Yao Cai 2011; 34: 404-408.

15. Ming L, Ge B, Chen K et al. [Effects of isopsoralen on bone marrow stromal stem cells differentiate and proliferate in vitro]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2011; 36: 2124-2128.

16. Yan DM, Chang YX, Wang YF et al. In vivo pharmacokinetics of bakuchiol after oral administration of bakuchiol extraction in rat plasma. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2010; 128: 697-702.

17. Kubo M, Dohi T, Odani T et al. [Cytotoxicity of Corylifoliae fructus. I. Isolation of the effective compound and the cytotoxicity]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1989; 109: 926-931.

18. 江芳, 周昕睿, 王旗, 张宝旭. 补骨脂酚及其与补骨脂素合用对HK-2细胞的毒性及其机制. 中國藥理學與毒理學雜誌 2010; 24: 50-58.

19. Diawara MM, Williams DE, Oganesian A, Spitsbergen J. Dietary psoralens induce hepatotoxicity in C57 mice. J Nat Toxins 2000; 9: 179-195.

20. Diawara MM, Kulkosky PJ. Reproductive toxicity of the psoralens. Pediatr Pathol Mol Med 2003; 22: 247-258.

21. Yao X, Shen H, Fu H et al. [Toxic studies on various processed products of Fructus Psoraleae]. Zhong Yao Cai 1997; 20: 182-184.

22. Takizawa T, Mitsumori K, Takagi H et al. Sequential analysis of testicular lesions and serum hormone levels in rats treated with a Psoralea corylifolia extract. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42: 1-7.

23. Takizawa T, Imai T, Mitsumori K et al. Gonadal toxicity of an ethanol extract of Psoralea corylifolia in a rat 90-day repeated dose study. J Toxicol Sci 2002; 27: 97-105.


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