夾竹桃(尚未編輯完成)

出自台灣有毒中草藥毒性資料庫

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== '''參考文獻''' ==
== '''參考文獻''' ==
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[1] 鄭武燦. 台灣植物圖鑑 上冊. 台北: 茂昌圖書有限公司 2000.
 
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[2] 台灣植物誌第二版編輯委員會. 台灣植物誌 第二版. In Edition 2. 台北: 台灣植物誌第二版編輯委員會.
+
1.   Ding K, Fang JN, Dong T, Tsim KW, Wu H. Characterization of a rhamnogalacturonan and a xyloglucan from neriumindicum and their activities on PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. J Nat
-
[3] Maillaud C, Lefebvre S, Sebat C et al. Double lethal coconut crab (Birgus latro L.) poisoning. Toxicon 2010; 55: 81-86.
+
Prod. 2003 Jan;66(1):7-10.
-
[4] Van Deusen SK, Birkhahn RH, Gaeta TJ. Treatment of Hyperkalemia in a Patient with Unrecognized Digitalis Toxicity. Clinical Toxicology 2003; 41: 373-376.
+
2. Dong Q, Fang JN. Structural elucidation of a new arabinogalactan from the leaves of Nerium indicum. Carbohydr Res. 2001 May 8;332(1):109-14.
-
[5] Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, White S et al. 2000 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2001; 19: 337-
+
3. Langford SD, Boor PJ. Oleander toxicity: an examination of human and animal toxic exposures. Toxicology. 1996 May 3;109(1):1-13.
-
395.
+
-
[6] Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, Rodgers GC, Jr. et al. 2001 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2002;
+
4. Oji O, Okafor QE. Toxicological studies on stem bark, leaf and seed kernel of yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana). Phytother Res. 2000 Mar;14(2):133-5.
-
20: 391-452.
+
-
[7] Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Rodgers GC, Jr. et al. 2002 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2003; 21: 353-421.
+
5. Karawya MS, Balbaa SI, Khayyal SE. Estimation of cardenolides in Nerium oleander. Planta Med. 1973 Feb;23(1):70-3.
-
[8] Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W et al. 2003 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2004; 22: 335-404.
+
6. Osterloh J, Herold S, Pond S. Oleander interference in the digoxin radioimmunoassay in a fatal ingestion. JAMA. 1982 Mar 19;247(11):1596-7.
-
[9] Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Rodgers GC, Jr. et al. 2004 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2005; 23: 589-666.
+
7. Shaw D, Pearn J. Oleander poisoning. Med J Aust. 1979 Sep 8;2(5):267-9.
-
[10] Lai MW, Klein-Schwartz W, Rodgers GC et al. 2005 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' national poisoning and exposure database. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2006; 44: 803-932.
+
8. Eddleston M, Warrell DA. Management of acute yellow oleander poisoning. QJM. 1999 Sep;92(9):483-5.
-
[11] Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR et al. 2006 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS). Clinical Toxicology 2007; 45: 815-917.
+
9. Hu K, Liu Q, Wang S, Ding K. New oligosaccharides prepared by acid hydrolysis of the polysaccharides from Nerium indicum Mill and their anti-angiogenesis activities. Carbohydr Res.  
-
[12] Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR et al. 2007 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 25th Annual Report. Clinical Toxicology 2008; 46: 927-1057.
+
2009 Jan 26;344(2):198-203.
-
[13] Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Jr. et al. 2008 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 26th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47: 911-1084.
+
10. Barceloux DG. Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals. John Wiley & Sons Inc, Canada. 2008.
-
[14] Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Jr. et al. 2009 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 27th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48: 979-1178.
+
11. Eddleston M, Ariaratnam CA, Sjostrom L, Jayalath S, Rajakanthan K, Rajapakse S, et al. Acute yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) poisoning: cardiac arrhythmias, electrolyte
-
[15] Shen L-R, Jin S-M, Yin B-W et al. Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Cerbera. Chemistry & Biodiversity 2007; 4: 1438-1449.
+
disturbances, and serum cardiac glycoside concentrations on presentation to hospital. Heart. 2000 Mar;83(3):301-6.
-
[16] Langer GA. Mechanism of action of the cardiac glycosides on the heart. Biochemical Pharmacology 1981; 30: 3261-3264.
+
12. Haynes BE, Bessen HA, Wightman WD. Oleander tea: herbal draught of death. Ann Emerg Med. 1985 Apr;14(4):350-3.
-
[17] Matsui H, Schwartz A. Mechanism of cardiac glycoside inhibition of the (Na+-K+)-dependent ATPase from cardiac tissue. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology 1968; 151: 655-663.
+
13. Shumaik GM, Wu AW, Ping AC. Oleander poisoning: treatment with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. Ann Emerg Med. 1988 Jul;17(7):732-5.
-
[18] Fozzard HA, Sheets MF. Cellular mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1985; 5: 10A-15A.
+
14. Bandara V, Weinstein SA, White J, Eddleston M. A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and Thevetia
-
[19] Harvey RA, champe PC. Linppincott's Illstrated Reviews Pharmacology 台北: 藝軒圖書出版社 2002.
+
peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning. Toxicon. 2010 Sep 1;56(3):273-81.
-
[20] Zhang XP, Pei YH, Liu MS et al. Chemical constituents from the leaves of Cerbera manghas. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2010; 3: 109-111.
+
15. Pietsch J, Oertel R, Trautmann S, Schulz K, Kopp B, Dressler J. A non-fatal oleander poisoning. Int J Legal Med. 2005 Jul;119(4):236-40.
-
[21] Bond G, Baum H, Dimond G. Clinical observations with cerberin. American Heart Journal 1945; 30: 194-201.
+
16. Demiryurek AT, Demiryurek S. Cardiotoxicity of digitalis glycosides: roles of autonomic pathways, autacoids and ion channels. Auton Autacoid Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;25(2):35-52.
-
[22] Eddleston M, Rajapakse S, Rajakanthan et al. Anti-digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 967-972.
+
17. Khan I, Kant C, Sanwaria A, Meena L. Acute cardiac toxicity of nerium oleander/indicum poisoning (kaner) poisoning. Heart Views. 2010 Oct;11(3):115-6.
-
[23] 吳明玲. 毛地黃及動植物強心配醣體中毒之治療. In Edition 2002.
+
18. Tracqui A, Kintz P, Branche F, Ludes B. Confirmation of oleander poisoning by HPLC/MS. Int J Legal Med. 1998;111(1):32-4.
-
[24] Roberts DM, Buckley NA. Antidotes for acute cardenolide (cardiac glycoside) poisoning. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD005490.
+
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目錄

基本資料

科別

夾竹桃科 Apocynaceae

屬名

夾竹桃屬 Nerium

中文學名

夾竹桃

拉丁學名

Nerium indicum Mill

英文名稱

Sweet-scented oleander

中文俗名

紅花夾竹桃、白花夾竹桃、柳竹桃、柳葉桃、狀元竹、白羊桃、桃竹、

柳葉桃樹、枸那、桃葉桃、枸那夷、叫出冬

海檬果簡介

夾竹桃懬泛種植在中國以及東南亞一帶,其花和葉常常作為緩解疼痛和刺激心臟肌肉的傳統中藥[1]。

葉子部分具有毒性,成分包含了強心苷、生物鹼和碳水化合物(2)。此外全株皆含有強心苷,包含了莖、

葉、嫩枝、花朵、花蜜、樹液和經燃燒後的煙霧(3, 4),其強心苷之結構非常類似digitoxin。

根據Karawya et al.[5]報告指出強心苷成分在種子及根的比例最高,其次是果實和葉部,在花期時,紅

花的含量又比白花高。儘管夾竹桃有毒,卻是常常被用來當作墮胎藥、治療心衰竭、痲風、瘧疾、癬和

消化不良[6]。

在過去夾竹桃曾被使用作為治療用途,但因為會造成胃腸的副作用,因此不被再使用。然而也會因為誤

食過量夾竹桃之關係而導致中毒而致命,也有報告指出兒童使用一片葉子而導致中毒[6, 7]。其中毒大多

是因為誤食、有目的的食用、攝入藥物製劑以及犯罪只用之中毒,使用夾竹桃中毒案例常被報導出之地

點為歐洲、美國(包括夏威夷)、澳大利亞、南部非洲、印度、斯里蘭卡、東亞和所羅門群島[3, 8]。

外觀簡述

屬常綠灌木,枝條圓柱狀。

單葉,互生、對生或3片輪生,具葉柄,柄長約12-20公分,寬1-2公分,為狹披針形,葉基與

葉尖鋭尖,葉緣全緣,葉脈直角射出,互為平行。

花,聚繖花序,頂生;花紅色、白色或粉紅色。

果實

果實為蓇葖果,長約20公分,圓柱形,直立。樹高可達4公尺。

產地

分布於中國、東南亞地區、印度、台灣各地的庭園和路旁普遍栽種[9]。

毒性研究

  • 症狀

中毒之症狀與digoxin症狀非常相像,其中毒的起始時間與嚴重程度會因為使用量不同、食用部位不同、

食用部位處理方式的不同以及病患的個人體質有關係。

在胃腸道部分包括噁心(nausea)、嘔吐(vomiting)、唾液分泌增加(ncreased salivation)腹痛(abdominal

pain)和腹瀉(diarrhea)。心臟方面主要為心律不整,其中包括心跳過快(bradycardia)或是心跳過慢(arrhythmias)

的心律不整、房室阻塞(atrioventricular (AV) block)、心房纖維顫動和/或心室顫動(atrial fibrillation and/or

ventricular fibrillation)以及高血鉀(hyperkalemia)[10, 11]。

神經方面包括震顫(tremor)、昏睡(drowsiness)、運動失調(ataxia)、視力障礙(visual disturbances)黃色視覺、

瞳孔散大(mydriasis)和虛弱(weakness),會導致黏膜發炎(irritation of the mucus membranes)、口腔紅斑

(buccal erythema)、麻木(numbness)、口腔感覺異常(dysesthesias)和燒灼感(burning sensation)[10, 12]。

  • 毒性成份

夾竹桃主毒性是來自於非毛地黃強心苷(nondigitalis cardiac glycosides)包含 oleandrin、folineriin、adynerin

和digitoxigenin,其中以oleanderin和neriine兩種強心苷之結構與毛地黃的毒素(toxin)之結構非常相近,兩者

皆具有正性肌力作用 (positive inotropic,強心肌收縮性)、負性頻率作用(negative chronotropic,減慢竇性頻

率)和交叉作用(cross reactivity)[13, 14]。

其毒性作用主要是作用在心細胞的鈉鉀泵(sodium-potassium pump)以及增加迷走神經活性所導致。心臟及胃

腸道中毒症狀大多會出現在食用夾竹桃後的四小時[15]。

  • 毒性機轉

強心苷主要是作用在心肌細胞的鈉鉀泵(sodium-potassium pump)使其不活化,導致細胞內的鈉離子濃度升高,

使得鈉/鈣離子交換通道(Na+/Ca2+ exchange)造成細胞內的鈣離子升高,由於細胞內的鈣離子增加使得細胞自

發性極化提高,而導致收縮力增加(positive inotropic)[16, 17]。由於抑制鈉鉀泵(sodium-potassium pump)而改

變了細胞內的鉀離子濃度的移動,而導致高血鉀,然而強心苷所造成毒性之嚴重程度與高血鉀是相關的[12]。

  • 中毒劑量

根據案例報告指出攝取5-15片的夾竹桃葉子可能會導致中毒或致命,也有報導指出兒童食入僅一片夾竹桃葉而

導致中毒。但有案例指出一位17歲的少年食用了三片夾竹桃葉只有輕微的中毒,並無其它併發症產生[6, 7]。

根據中毒事件案例的報導指出,其中毒程度的不同是因為食用葉子、葉片萃取物、花或根的萃取物濃度的不同。

也有報告指出一位成年女性食用了五把夾竹桃葉企圖自殺,但此病患接受治療後完全康復[18]。

因為只有少數的案例報告,數據不足以特定的劑量或是攝取量,因此難以界定夾竹桃之致死劑量為多少。但其

中毒劑量可能是與使用的量、使用的部位、使用部位含毒素的多寡、病人年齡以及當時食用的健康狀況皆有關

係[14]。

治療方式

在臨床上除了給予症狀治療以外,在Veronika Bandara et al(14)報告中指出有一系列對於夾竹桃中毒指引,其

中在低血壓以及快的心律不整之狀況下會給予阿托品(atropine)保持心跳速率、給予活性碳、在房室節/竇房結

阻塞之狀況下給予anti-digoxin Fab或在無anti-digoxin Fab之情況又血鉀 > 5.5之情況下給予胰島素/葡萄糖

(insulin/ dextrose)不要給予鈣。

毒性分級

B1


參考文獻

1. Ding K, Fang JN, Dong T, Tsim KW, Wu H. Characterization of a rhamnogalacturonan and a xyloglucan from neriumindicum and their activities on PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. J Nat

Prod. 2003 Jan;66(1):7-10.

2. Dong Q, Fang JN. Structural elucidation of a new arabinogalactan from the leaves of Nerium indicum. Carbohydr Res. 2001 May 8;332(1):109-14.

3. Langford SD, Boor PJ. Oleander toxicity: an examination of human and animal toxic exposures. Toxicology. 1996 May 3;109(1):1-13.

4. Oji O, Okafor QE. Toxicological studies on stem bark, leaf and seed kernel of yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana). Phytother Res. 2000 Mar;14(2):133-5.

5. Karawya MS, Balbaa SI, Khayyal SE. Estimation of cardenolides in Nerium oleander. Planta Med. 1973 Feb;23(1):70-3.

6. Osterloh J, Herold S, Pond S. Oleander interference in the digoxin radioimmunoassay in a fatal ingestion. JAMA. 1982 Mar 19;247(11):1596-7.

7. Shaw D, Pearn J. Oleander poisoning. Med J Aust. 1979 Sep 8;2(5):267-9.

8. Eddleston M, Warrell DA. Management of acute yellow oleander poisoning. QJM. 1999 Sep;92(9):483-5.

9. Hu K, Liu Q, Wang S, Ding K. New oligosaccharides prepared by acid hydrolysis of the polysaccharides from Nerium indicum Mill and their anti-angiogenesis activities. Carbohydr Res.

2009 Jan 26;344(2):198-203.

10. Barceloux DG. Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals. John Wiley & Sons Inc, Canada. 2008.

11. Eddleston M, Ariaratnam CA, Sjostrom L, Jayalath S, Rajakanthan K, Rajapakse S, et al. Acute yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) poisoning: cardiac arrhythmias, electrolyte

disturbances, and serum cardiac glycoside concentrations on presentation to hospital. Heart. 2000 Mar;83(3):301-6.

12. Haynes BE, Bessen HA, Wightman WD. Oleander tea: herbal draught of death. Ann Emerg Med. 1985 Apr;14(4):350-3.

13. Shumaik GM, Wu AW, Ping AC. Oleander poisoning: treatment with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. Ann Emerg Med. 1988 Jul;17(7):732-5.

14. Bandara V, Weinstein SA, White J, Eddleston M. A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and Thevetia

peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning. Toxicon. 2010 Sep 1;56(3):273-81.

15. Pietsch J, Oertel R, Trautmann S, Schulz K, Kopp B, Dressler J. A non-fatal oleander poisoning. Int J Legal Med. 2005 Jul;119(4):236-40.

16. Demiryurek AT, Demiryurek S. Cardiotoxicity of digitalis glycosides: roles of autonomic pathways, autacoids and ion channels. Auton Autacoid Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;25(2):35-52.

17. Khan I, Kant C, Sanwaria A, Meena L. Acute cardiac toxicity of nerium oleander/indicum poisoning (kaner) poisoning. Heart Views. 2010 Oct;11(3):115-6.

18. Tracqui A, Kintz P, Branche F, Ludes B. Confirmation of oleander poisoning by HPLC/MS. Int J Legal Med. 1998;111(1):32-4.


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