蘿芙木
出自台灣有毒中草藥毒性資料庫
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<font size=4>'''莖'''[3]</font> | <font size=4>'''莖'''[3]</font> | ||
||<font size=4> | ||<font size=4> | ||
- | *1. | + | *1. yohimbine |
+ | *2. ajmaline | ||
+ | </font> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | || | ||
+ | <font size=4>'''根及根莖'''[4]</font> | ||
+ | *1. Sarpagine | ||
+ | *2. yohimbine | ||
+ | *3. ajmalicine | ||
+ | *4. reserpine | ||
+ | *5. reserpiline | ||
+ | *6. pseudoreserpine | ||
+ | *7. vellosimine | ||
+ | *8. vellosiminol | ||
+ | *9. tetraphyllicine | ||
+ | *10.tetrahydroalstonine | ||
+ | *11.perakine | ||
+ | *12.vinorine | ||
+ | *13.serpentine | ||
+ | *14.purpeline | ||
+ | *15.raumitorine | ||
+ | *16.deserpidine | ||
+ | *17.carapanaubine | ||
+ | </font> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | || | ||
+ | <font size=4>'''葉'''[3]</font> | ||
+ | *1. β-amyrenyl acetate | ||
+ | *2. β-sitosterol | ||
+ | *3. serpentine | ||
+ | *4. the flavonoid glycoside robinin | ||
+ | </font> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | || | ||
+ | <font size=4>'''樹皮'''[3]</font> | ||
+ | *1. β-amyrenyl acetate | ||
+ | *2. β-sitosterol | ||
+ | *3. δ-yohimbine | ||
+ | *4. reserpine | ||
+ | *5. yohimbine | ||
+ | *6. serpentine | ||
+ | *7. ajmaline | ||
</font> | </font> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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=='''活性研究'''== | =='''活性研究'''== | ||
<font size=4> | <font size=4> | ||
- | + | 主要的成分為yohimbine, ajmalicine, reserpine[4]。Reserpine是早期中樞性的降血壓劑[5, 6],屬於交感神經的抑制劑,促進NE的排空而使血壓下降[7]。Ajmalicine早期研究證實有腦部血管的擴張效果,可以有效降低血壓及改善腦部循環,此外,還有強的利尿效果及輕微的肌肉鬆弛作用[8]。Yohimbine可以阻斷α2腎上腺素受體(交感神經系統的一部分)[9]。它還具有擴張血管的作用。另外,Yohimbine可以抑制單胺氧化酶(MAO),跟治療orthostatic hypotension[10],也有研究指出在老鼠身上可以保護因為內毒素導致的急性腎損傷( endotoxin-induced acute lung injury)[11]。雙盲試驗顯示,育亨賓有助於治療男性的勃起功能障礙。[12, 13]但是也有研究顯示,育亨賓在這方面並無效果[14, 15]。 | |
</font> | </font> | ||
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== '''毒性研究''' == | == '''毒性研究''' == | ||
*<font size=4 color=green>'''症狀'''</font> <font size=4> | *<font size=4 color=green>'''症狀'''</font> <font size=4> | ||
- | **可能會引起暈眩、惡心、失眠、焦慮、血壓升高以及心跳加速[ | + | **可能會引起暈眩、惡心、失眠、焦慮、血壓升高以及心跳加速[16],每日服用超過40毫克Yohimbine,可以導致比較危險的副作用,包括肌肉功能下降、顫抖和暈眩等[17]。有些人在服用較大劑量Yohimbine時還可能出現幻覺。在某案例報導中,服用200mgYohimbine後出現了一過性高血壓、心悸、焦慮[16]。另外,也可能引起鼻塞、呆滯、胃腸蠕動增加、疲勞及嗜睡、腹瀉、精神性憂鬱,顫抖等類帕金森症狀[7] |
</font> | </font> | ||
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*<font size=4 color=green>'''中毒劑量'''</font> <font size=4> | *<font size=4 color=green>'''中毒劑量'''</font> <font size=4> | ||
- | **1. Rat LD50 (intraperitoneal) 55 mg/kg | + | **動物實驗 |
- | **2. Mouse LD50 (intraperitoneal) 45 mg/kg | + | ***1. Rat LD50 (intraperitoneal) 55 mg/kg |
- | **3. Mouse LD50 (oral) 40 mg/kg | + | ***2. Mouse LD50 (intraperitoneal) 45 mg/kg |
- | + | ***3. Mouse LD50 (oral) 40 mg/kg | |
+ | **人體副作用(案例) | ||
+ | ***1.精神性憂鬱約大於1 mg的初始劑量,潰瘍發生在每天口服0.75 mg的病患[7] | ||
</font> | </font> | ||
*<font size=4 color=green>'''機轉'''</font> <font size=4> | *<font size=4 color=green>'''機轉'''</font> <font size=4> | ||
- | ** | + | **神經毒性的產生與交感神經阻斷及單胺氧化酶的抑制有關,與生殖能力的作用機轉目前未明。動物實驗給予Sprague-Dawley大鼠5 mg/IP Reserpine發現改變中腦的錳離子的濃度,進而影響多巴胺的系統,導致類帕金森症的症狀[20]。副交感神經的作用導致胃腸道蠕動增加,造成腹瀉的副作用,胃酸分泌增加可能導致潰瘍發生[7]。動物實驗發現前列腺分泌減少,細精管、副睪的細胞碎片,精母細胞凋亡[21]。 |
</font> | </font> | ||
*<font size=4 color=green>'''生殖毒性'''</font> <font size=4> | *<font size=4 color=green>'''生殖毒性'''</font> <font size=4> | ||
- | **Yohimbine主要為α2腎上腺素受體阻斷劑,在2006年發現在swiss albino mice身上,劑量越高(750mg/[kg•day])男性生殖能力反而會下降,也會產生spermatozoa abnormalities及chromosomal aberrations。[ | + | **Yohimbine主要為α2腎上腺素受體阻斷劑,在2006年發現在swiss albino mice身上,劑量越高(750mg/[kg•day])男性生殖能力反而會下降,也會產生spermatozoa abnormalities及chromosomal aberrations。[18] |
</font> | </font> | ||
*<font size=4 color=green>'''神經毒性'''</font> <font size=4> | *<font size=4 color=green>'''神經毒性'''</font> <font size=4> | ||
- | ** | + | **2009年有case指出,誤食5 g Yohimbine後2小時內產生急性神經毒性,包含心跳加速、血壓升高、昏迷、反覆性痙孿、噁心嘔吐等等[19]。 |
</font> | </font> | ||
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== '''參考文獻''' == | == '''參考文獻''' == | ||
<font size=4> | <font size=4> | ||
- | 1. 呂炎周. 台灣藥用植物名錄. In | + | 1. 呂炎周. 台灣藥用植物名錄. In. 嘉義: 蘭潭彩色印刷股份有限公司 2006. |
+ | |||
+ | 2. 鄭武燦. 台灣植物圖鑑. In. 2000. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. H.R.Arthur, S.N.Loo. An Examination of Rauwolfia verticillata of Hong Kong-II. Phytochemistry 1966; 5: 7. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Hong B, Cheng WM, Wu JA, Zhao CJ. Screening and Identification of Many of the Compounds Present in Rauvolfia verticillata by Use of High-Pressure LC and Quadrupole TOF MS. Chromatographia 2010; 72: 841-847. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Dick HL, Mc CE, Fisher WA. Reserpine-digitalis toxicity. Case reports of cardiac arrhythmias occurring during reserpine-digitalis therapy and a review of the literature with supporting animal experiments. Arch Intern Med 1962; 109: 503-506. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. Ford RV, Moyer JH. Rauwolfia toxicity in the treatment of hypertension; comparative toxicity of reserpine and alseroxylon. Postgrad Med 1958; 23: 41-48. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. Parker JM, Murphy CW. Reserpine-a comparison of chronic toxicity in animals with clinical toxicity. Can Med Assoc J 1961; 84: 1177-1180. | ||
- | + | 8. Ban Y, Murakami Y, Iwasawa Y et al. Indole alkaloids in medicine. Med Res Rev 1988; 8: 231-308. | |
- | + | 9. Riley AJ. Yohimbine in the treatment of erectile disorder. Br J Clin Pract 1994; 48: 133-136. | |
- | + | 10. Verwaerde P, Tran MA, Montastruc JL et al. Effects of yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, on experimental neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1997; 11: 567-575. | |
- | + | 11. Lin Y, Zhu X, Yao WZ et al. Yohimbine protects against endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by blockade of alpha 2A adrenergic receptor in rats. Chin Med J (Engl) 2011; 124: 1069-1074. | |
- | + | 12. Ernst E, Pittler MH. Yohimbine for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Urol 1998; 159: 433-436. | |
- | + | 13. Carey MP, Johnson BT. Effectiveness of yohimbine in the treatment of erectile disorder: four meta-analytic integrations. Arch Sex Behav 1996; 25: 341-360. | |
- | + | 14. Kunelius P, Hakkinen J, Lukkarinen O. Is high-dose yohimbine hydrochloride effective in the treatment of mixed-type impotence? A prospective, randomized, controlled double-blind crossover study. Urology 1997; 49: 441-444. | |
- | + | 15. Mann K, Klingler T, Noe S et al. Effects of yohimbine on sexual experiences and nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity in erectile dysfunction. Arch Sex Behav 1996; 25: 1-16. | |
- | + | 16. Louis S. Drug Facts and Comparisons. In Facts and Comparisons. 1998; 3659. | |
- | + | 17. KA. G. Yohimbine in the treatment of male erectile sexual dysfunction—a clinical review. J New Dev Clin Med 1996; 14: 25-33. | |
- | + | 18. Al-Majed AA, Al-Yahya AA, Al-Bekairi AM et al. Reproductive, cytological and biochemical toxicity of Yohimbe in male Swiss albino mice. Asian J Androl 2006; 8: 469-476. | |
- | + | 19. Giampreti A, Lonati D, Locatelli C et al. Acute neurotoxicity after yohimbine ingestion by a body builder. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47: 827-829. | |
- | + | 20. Ingersoll RT, Montgomery EB, Jr., Aposhian HV. Central nervous system toxicity of manganese. II: Cocaine or reserpine inhibit manganese concentration in the rat brain. Neurotoxicology 1999; 20: 467-476. | |
+ | 21. Yamauchi K, Takaura Y, Noto T et al. Collaborative work to evaluate toxicity on male reproductive organs by repeated dose studies in rats 7). Effects of reserpine in 2- and 4-weeks studies. J Toxicol Sci 2000; 25 Spec No: 79-85. | ||
</font> | </font> | ||
在2012年10月29日 (一) 13:31所做的修訂版本
中英文學名 | 科別 | 毒性 | 症狀 |
基本資料
科別 | 夾竹桃科Apocynaceae[1, 2] |
屬名 | 蘿芙木屬 Rauvolfia |
中文學名 | 蘿芙木 |
拉丁學名 | Rauvolfia verticillata Lour. |
英文名稱 | Taiwan devil pepper |
中文俗名 | 山馬蹄,蘿芙藤,白花蓮,山辣椒,魚膽木 |
[1]
植物圖片
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蘿芙木簡介
常綠灌木,株高1至2公尺[2]
外觀簡述
葉 | 單葉,三片輪生,長橢圓形,長7至11公分,寬2至3公分,下表面粉白色[2] |
花 | 聚繖花序,白色[2] |
果實 | 核果,長約1.5公分,鐮刀狀細長,前端銳尖[2] |
產地
分佈在中國南方,印度,廣泛分佈在台灣各地[1]。
使用情況
根莖有祛風清熱,消炎利尿,降血壓的功效,也可至感冒發熱、頭痛暈眩[1]。
活性成份
莖[3] |
|
根及根莖[4]
</font> | |
葉[3]
</font> | |
樹皮[3]
</font> |
活性研究
主要的成分為yohimbine, ajmalicine, reserpine[4]。Reserpine是早期中樞性的降血壓劑[5, 6],屬於交感神經的抑制劑,促進NE的排空而使血壓下降[7]。Ajmalicine早期研究證實有腦部血管的擴張效果,可以有效降低血壓及改善腦部循環,此外,還有強的利尿效果及輕微的肌肉鬆弛作用[8]。Yohimbine可以阻斷α2腎上腺素受體(交感神經系統的一部分)[9]。它還具有擴張血管的作用。另外,Yohimbine可以抑制單胺氧化酶(MAO),跟治療orthostatic hypotension[10],也有研究指出在老鼠身上可以保護因為內毒素導致的急性腎損傷( endotoxin-induced acute lung injury)[11]。雙盲試驗顯示,育亨賓有助於治療男性的勃起功能障礙。[12, 13]但是也有研究顯示,育亨賓在這方面並無效果[14, 15]。
毒性研究
- 症狀
- 可能會引起暈眩、惡心、失眠、焦慮、血壓升高以及心跳加速[16],每日服用超過40毫克Yohimbine,可以導致比較危險的副作用,包括肌肉功能下降、顫抖和暈眩等[17]。有些人在服用較大劑量Yohimbine時還可能出現幻覺。在某案例報導中,服用200mgYohimbine後出現了一過性高血壓、心悸、焦慮[16]。另外,也可能引起鼻塞、呆滯、胃腸蠕動增加、疲勞及嗜睡、腹瀉、精神性憂鬱,顫抖等類帕金森症狀[7]
- 有毒成分
- 1. Yohimbine
- 中毒劑量
- 動物實驗
- 1. Rat LD50 (intraperitoneal) 55 mg/kg
- 2. Mouse LD50 (intraperitoneal) 45 mg/kg
- 3. Mouse LD50 (oral) 40 mg/kg
- 人體副作用(案例)
- 1.精神性憂鬱約大於1 mg的初始劑量,潰瘍發生在每天口服0.75 mg的病患[7]
- 動物實驗
- 機轉
- 神經毒性的產生與交感神經阻斷及單胺氧化酶的抑制有關,與生殖能力的作用機轉目前未明。動物實驗給予Sprague-Dawley大鼠5 mg/IP Reserpine發現改變中腦的錳離子的濃度,進而影響多巴胺的系統,導致類帕金森症的症狀[20]。副交感神經的作用導致胃腸道蠕動增加,造成腹瀉的副作用,胃酸分泌增加可能導致潰瘍發生[7]。動物實驗發現前列腺分泌減少,細精管、副睪的細胞碎片,精母細胞凋亡[21]。
- 生殖毒性
- Yohimbine主要為α2腎上腺素受體阻斷劑,在2006年發現在swiss albino mice身上,劑量越高(750mg/[kg•day])男性生殖能力反而會下降,也會產生spermatozoa abnormalities及chromosomal aberrations。[18]
- 神經毒性
- 2009年有case指出,誤食5 g Yohimbine後2小時內產生急性神經毒性,包含心跳加速、血壓升高、昏迷、反覆性痙孿、噁心嘔吐等等[19]。
毒性分級
參考文獻
1. 呂炎周. 台灣藥用植物名錄. In. 嘉義: 蘭潭彩色印刷股份有限公司 2006.
2. 鄭武燦. 台灣植物圖鑑. In. 2000.
3. H.R.Arthur, S.N.Loo. An Examination of Rauwolfia verticillata of Hong Kong-II. Phytochemistry 1966; 5: 7.
4. Hong B, Cheng WM, Wu JA, Zhao CJ. Screening and Identification of Many of the Compounds Present in Rauvolfia verticillata by Use of High-Pressure LC and Quadrupole TOF MS. Chromatographia 2010; 72: 841-847.
5. Dick HL, Mc CE, Fisher WA. Reserpine-digitalis toxicity. Case reports of cardiac arrhythmias occurring during reserpine-digitalis therapy and a review of the literature with supporting animal experiments. Arch Intern Med 1962; 109: 503-506.
6. Ford RV, Moyer JH. Rauwolfia toxicity in the treatment of hypertension; comparative toxicity of reserpine and alseroxylon. Postgrad Med 1958; 23: 41-48.
7. Parker JM, Murphy CW. Reserpine-a comparison of chronic toxicity in animals with clinical toxicity. Can Med Assoc J 1961; 84: 1177-1180.
8. Ban Y, Murakami Y, Iwasawa Y et al. Indole alkaloids in medicine. Med Res Rev 1988; 8: 231-308.
9. Riley AJ. Yohimbine in the treatment of erectile disorder. Br J Clin Pract 1994; 48: 133-136.
10. Verwaerde P, Tran MA, Montastruc JL et al. Effects of yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, on experimental neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1997; 11: 567-575.
11. Lin Y, Zhu X, Yao WZ et al. Yohimbine protects against endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by blockade of alpha 2A adrenergic receptor in rats. Chin Med J (Engl) 2011; 124: 1069-1074.
12. Ernst E, Pittler MH. Yohimbine for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Urol 1998; 159: 433-436.
13. Carey MP, Johnson BT. Effectiveness of yohimbine in the treatment of erectile disorder: four meta-analytic integrations. Arch Sex Behav 1996; 25: 341-360.
14. Kunelius P, Hakkinen J, Lukkarinen O. Is high-dose yohimbine hydrochloride effective in the treatment of mixed-type impotence? A prospective, randomized, controlled double-blind crossover study. Urology 1997; 49: 441-444.
15. Mann K, Klingler T, Noe S et al. Effects of yohimbine on sexual experiences and nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity in erectile dysfunction. Arch Sex Behav 1996; 25: 1-16.
16. Louis S. Drug Facts and Comparisons. In Facts and Comparisons. 1998; 3659.
17. KA. G. Yohimbine in the treatment of male erectile sexual dysfunction—a clinical review. J New Dev Clin Med 1996; 14: 25-33.
18. Al-Majed AA, Al-Yahya AA, Al-Bekairi AM et al. Reproductive, cytological and biochemical toxicity of Yohimbe in male Swiss albino mice. Asian J Androl 2006; 8: 469-476.
19. Giampreti A, Lonati D, Locatelli C et al. Acute neurotoxicity after yohimbine ingestion by a body builder. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47: 827-829.
20. Ingersoll RT, Montgomery EB, Jr., Aposhian HV. Central nervous system toxicity of manganese. II: Cocaine or reserpine inhibit manganese concentration in the rat brain. Neurotoxicology 1999; 20: 467-476.
21. Yamauchi K, Takaura Y, Noto T et al. Collaborative work to evaluate toxicity on male reproductive organs by repeated dose studies in rats 7). Effects of reserpine in 2- and 4-weeks studies. J Toxicol Sci 2000; 25 Spec No: 79-85.
中英文學名 | 科別 | 毒性 | 症狀 |