墨西哥鼠尾草
出自台灣有毒中草藥毒性資料庫
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== '''參考文獻''' == | == '''參考文獻''' == | ||
| - | 1. Vortherms TA, Roth BL. Salvinorin A: from natural product to human therapeutics. | + | 1. Vortherms TA, Roth BL. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17035666 Salvinorin A: from natural product to human therapeutics.] ''Molecular interventions'' 2006;6(5):257-65. |
| - | 2. Khey DN, Miller BL, Griffin OH. Salvia divinorum use among a college student sample. | + | 2. Khey DN, Miller BL, Griffin OH. [https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=247970 Salvia divinorum use among a college student sample.] ''Journal of Drug Education'' 2008;38(3):297-306. |
| - | 3. Lange JE, Reed MB, Croff JM, Clapp JD. College student use of Salvia divinorum. Drug | + | 3. Lange JE, Reed MB, Croff JM, Clapp JD. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267695/ College student use of Salvia divinorum.] ''Drug and alcohol dependence'' 2008;94(1-3):263-6. |
| - | 4. Wu LT, Woody GE, Yang C, Li JH, Blazer DG. Recent national trends in Salvia divinorum use and substance-use disorders among recent and former Salvia divinorum users compared with nonusers. | + | 4. Wu LT, Woody GE, Yang C, Li JH, Blazer DG. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122136/ Recent national trends in Salvia divinorum use and substance-use disorders among recent and former Salvia divinorum users compared with nonusers.] ''Journal of Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation'' 2011;2011(2):53-68. |
| - | 5. Giroud C, Felber F, Augsburger M, Horisberger B, Rivier L, Mangin P. Salvia divinorum: an hallucinogenic mint which might become a new recreational drug in Switzerland. Forensic | + | 5. Giroud C, Felber F, Augsburger M, Horisberger B, Rivier L, Mangin P. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10940599 Salvia divinorum: an hallucinogenic mint which might become a new recreational drug in Switzerland.] ''Forensic Science International'' 2000;112(2-3):143-50. |
| - | 6. Griffin OH, Miller BL, Khey DN. Legally high? Legal considerations of Salvia divinorum. | + | 6. Griffin OH, Miller BL, Khey DN. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18720668 Legally high? Legal considerations of Salvia divinorum.] ''Journal of psychoactive drugs'' 2008;40(2):183-91. |
7. Washington DC. Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A. Drug Enforcement Administration; 2008; Available from: http://www.justice.gov/dea/concern/salvia_divinorum_one_pager.pdf. | 7. Washington DC. Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A. Drug Enforcement Administration; 2008; Available from: http://www.justice.gov/dea/concern/salvia_divinorum_one_pager.pdf. | ||
| - | 8. Valdes LJ, 3rd, Diaz JL, Paul AG. Ethnopharmacology of ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and Jativa-M.). | + | 8. Valdes LJ, 3rd, Diaz JL, Paul AG. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6876852 Ethnopharmacology of ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and Jativa-M.).] ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' 1983;7(3):287-312. |
| - | 9. Paulzen M, Grunder G. Toxic psychosis after intake of the hallucinogen salvinorin A. | + | 9. Paulzen M, Grunder G. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19193352 Toxic psychosis after intake of the hallucinogen salvinorin A. Toxic psychosis after intake of the hallucinogen salvinorin A.] ''Journal of Clinical Psychiatry'' 2008;69(9):1501-1502. |
| - | 10. Vohra R, Seefeld A, Cantrell FL, Clark RF. Salvia divinorum: exposures reported to a statewide poison control system over 10 years. J Emerg Med. | + | 10. Vohra R, Seefeld A, Cantrell FL, Clark RF. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19765944 Salvia divinorum: exposures reported to a statewide poison control system over 10 years.] J Emerg Med. 2011;40(6):643-650 |
| - | 11. Kutrzeba L, Dayan FE, Howell J, Feng J, Giner JL, Zjawiony JK. Biosynthesis of salvinorin A proceeds via the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway. Phytochemistry. 2007 | + | 11. Kutrzeba L, Dayan FE, Howell J, Feng J, Giner JL, Zjawiony JK. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2065853/ Biosynthesis of salvinorin A proceeds via the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway.] Phytochemistry. 2007;68(14):1872-81. |
| - | 12. Pfeiffer A, Brantl V, Herz A, Emrich HM. Psychotomimesis mediated by kappa opiate receptors. Science. 1986 | + | 12. Pfeiffer A, Brantl V, Herz A, Emrich HM. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3016896 Psychotomimesis mediated by kappa opiate receptors.] Science. 1986;233(4765):774-6. |
| - | 13. Beguin C, Richards MR, Li JG, Wang Y, Xu W, Liu-Chen LY, et al. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of salvinorin A analogues: effect of configuration at C(2) and substitution at C(18). Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006 | + | 13. Beguin C, Richards MR, Li JG, Wang Y, Xu W, Liu-Chen LY, et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16777411 Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of salvinorin A analogues: effect of configuration at C(2) and substitution at C(18).] Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006;16(17):4679-85. |
| - | 14. Tsujikawa K, Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Yoshida T, et al. Determination of salvinorin A and salvinorin B in Salvia divinorum-related products circulated in Japan. Forensic Sci Int. 2008 | + | 14. Tsujikawa K, Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Yoshida T, et al. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18768273 Determination of salvinorin A and salvinorin B in Salvia divinorum-related products circulated in Japan.] Forensic Sci Int. 2008;180(2-3):105-9. |
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在2011年11月12日 (六) 11:57所做的修訂版本
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目錄 |
基本資料
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科別 | 唇形科 Lamiaceae |
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屬名 | 鼠尾草屬 Salvia |
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中文學名 | 墨西哥鼠尾草 |
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拉丁學名 | Salvia divinorum L. |
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英文名稱 | Diviner's Sage, Ska María Pastora, Seer's Sage, Salvia |
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中文俗名 |
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墨西哥鼠尾草簡介
Salvia divinorum為多年生的草本植物。在國外除了作為傳統的民俗用藥以外，Salvia divinorum具有至幻覺之作用，因此曾被”民間術士”作為一種會產生迷幻作用的精神占卜藥物(1)。Salvia divinorum會造成與ketamine相類似的迷幻作用（例：“進入另一個現實世界“、“精神與身體分離“以及“時空錯位“），因此近幾年來Salvia divinorum的使用在歐美國家相當的風行，尤其在年輕族群間相當的盛行(2-4)。過去文獻報導指出，Salvia divinorum的使用逐漸取代了大麻(5)。在美國有一位青少年因為使用Salvia divinorum而導致自殺死亡的事件，使得當地政府對於此案例相當的重視(6)。過去文獻報導也指出使用Salvia divinorum後會可能導致使用者產生精神疾病。目前已經有許多國家對於Salvia divinorum進行控管或是立法，美國也從原本2008年有立法管制Salvia divinorum的13個州，在2010年時提升至16個州進行管制(7)。。
外觀簡述
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莖 | 其生長高度可超過1米，為中空方形莖 |
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葉 | 葉為卵形、齒狀以及十字對生長約15厘米長 |
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花 | 花為白花，螺旋狀(30厘米)花序，紫色花萼，很少開花。 |
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果實 |
[5,8]
產地
原產於墨西哥卡瓦州，Sierra Madre東方的Mazatec 區。
毒性研究
在過去有一案例報告中指出，一位18歲有使用大麻歷史的年輕女性，抽食Salvia divinorum葉後造成了長時間的精神障礙及精神分裂症(9)。在2011年的一篇研究比較曾經使用過/正在使用Salvia divinorum族群與未曾使用過之族群，發現曾經使用過/正在使用的族群患有憂鬱症機率較未曾使用過之族群高達了1.4倍之多(4)。雖然不前並無急性毒性的案例報告或是研究，但據上述的文獻報導，可發現長期使用Salvia divinorum可能會導致精神症狀的發生。
- 症狀
使用Salvinorin A後會產生一些症狀，像是混亂、定向障礙、幻覺、眩暈或頭暈、滿臉通紅的感覺、心動過速、震顫、心悸、高血壓、噁心、嘔吐等。有時會因依賴的劑量或是使用途徑而造成一些負面感受，像是過於強烈的經驗、恐懼、恐怖、恐慌、排汗增加、難以整合的經驗(9, 10)。
- 有毒成份
Salvinorin A屬無含氮二萜類(neoclerodane diterpenoid)的化合物是Salvia divinorum之主要產生幻覺之成分(11)。Salvinorin A所產生的迷幻作用與phencyclidine及ketamine相同，是目前青少年爛用Salvia divinorum的主要成分。
- 機轉
在1986年的一篇文件指出κ-opioid receptor致效劑會導致與phencyclidine及ketamine相同迷幻作用的發生以及造成精神症狀的發生(12)。Salvinorin A對於阿片受體κ-opioid receptor具有非常高的親和力，但對於μ-opioid receptor並無作用，為阿片類藥物以外具有阿片受體有高親和力之二萜化合物。在結構上以碳4位置上的甲基脂(methyl ester)以及碳12位置上的呋喃環(furan ring)為對於κ-receptor具選擇性的結構(1, 13)。
- 中毒劑量
文獻指出，吸食40-70 mg的Salvia divinorum(約200–500 µg的Salvinorin A)即可達到迷幻效果(14)。雖然目前沒有文獻指出使用Salvia divinorum是否有明確的毒性及毒性劑量，但在長期使用下是可能造成精神疾病的產生(4)。
毒性分級
參考文獻
1. Vortherms TA, Roth BL. Salvinorin A: from natural product to human therapeutics. Molecular interventions 2006;6(5):257-65.
2. Khey DN, Miller BL, Griffin OH. Salvia divinorum use among a college student sample. Journal of Drug Education 2008;38(3):297-306.
3. Lange JE, Reed MB, Croff JM, Clapp JD. College student use of Salvia divinorum. Drug and alcohol dependence 2008;94(1-3):263-6.
4. Wu LT, Woody GE, Yang C, Li JH, Blazer DG. Recent national trends in Salvia divinorum use and substance-use disorders among recent and former Salvia divinorum users compared with nonusers. Journal of Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation 2011;2011(2):53-68.
5. Giroud C, Felber F, Augsburger M, Horisberger B, Rivier L, Mangin P. Salvia divinorum: an hallucinogenic mint which might become a new recreational drug in Switzerland. Forensic Science International 2000;112(2-3):143-50.
6. Griffin OH, Miller BL, Khey DN. Legally high? Legal considerations of Salvia divinorum. Journal of psychoactive drugs 2008;40(2):183-91.
7. Washington DC. Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A. Drug Enforcement Administration; 2008; Available from: http://www.justice.gov/dea/concern/salvia_divinorum_one_pager.pdf.
8. Valdes LJ, 3rd, Diaz JL, Paul AG. Ethnopharmacology of ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum, Epling and Jativa-M.). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1983;7(3):287-312.
9. Paulzen M, Grunder G. Toxic psychosis after intake of the hallucinogen salvinorin A. Toxic psychosis after intake of the hallucinogen salvinorin A. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2008;69(9):1501-1502.
10. Vohra R, Seefeld A, Cantrell FL, Clark RF. Salvia divinorum: exposures reported to a statewide poison control system over 10 years. J Emerg Med. 2011;40(6):643-650
11. Kutrzeba L, Dayan FE, Howell J, Feng J, Giner JL, Zjawiony JK. Biosynthesis of salvinorin A proceeds via the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway. Phytochemistry. 2007;68(14):1872-81.
12. Pfeiffer A, Brantl V, Herz A, Emrich HM. Psychotomimesis mediated by kappa opiate receptors. Science. 1986;233(4765):774-6.
13. Beguin C, Richards MR, Li JG, Wang Y, Xu W, Liu-Chen LY, et al. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of salvinorin A analogues: effect of configuration at C(2) and substitution at C(18). Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2006;16(17):4679-85.
14. Tsujikawa K, Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Yoshida T, et al. Determination of salvinorin A and salvinorin B in Salvia divinorum-related products circulated in Japan. Forensic Sci Int. 2008;180(2-3):105-9.
