毒芹(毒水芹)
出自台灣有毒中草藥毒性資料庫
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- | [http://tcm-toxic.kmu.edu.tw/index.php/ | + | __NOTOC__ |
+ | {| | ||
+ | ||[http://tcm-toxic.kmu.edu.tw/index.php/%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%8D 中英文學名] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ||[http://tcm-toxic.kmu.edu.tw/index.php/%E7%B9%96%E5%BD%A2%E7%A7%91 科別] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ||[http://tcm-toxic.kmu.edu.tw/index.php/%E6%AF%92%E6%80%A7 毒性] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ||[http://tcm-toxic.kmu.edu.tw/index.php/%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80 症狀] | ||
+ | |} | ||
== '''基本資料''' == | == '''基本資料''' == | ||
{| border="2" style="border-collapse;" | {| border="2" style="border-collapse;" | ||
|| | || | ||
- | <font size= | + | <font size=4>'''科別'''</font> |
- | ||<font size= | + | ||<font size=4>繖形科 Umbelliferae</font> |
|- | |- | ||
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- | <font size= | + | <font size=4>'''屬名'''</font> |
- | ||<font size= | + | ||<font size=4>毒芹屬 ''Cicuta''</font> |
|- | |- | ||
|| | || | ||
- | <font size= | + | <font size=4>'''中文學名'''</font> |
- | ||<font size= | + | ||<font size=4>毒芹</font> |
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|| | || | ||
- | <font size= | + | <font size=4>'''拉丁學名'''</font> |
- | ||<font size= | + | ||<font size=4>''Cicuta virosa'' L.</font> |
|- | |- | ||
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- | <font size= | + | <font size=4>'''英文名稱'''</font> |
- | ||<font size= | + | ||<font size=4>Water hemlock, cow bane, five-finger root, snake weed, wild carrot</font> |
|- | |- | ||
|| | || | ||
- | <font size= | + | <font size=4>'''中文俗名'''</font> |
- | ||<font size= | + | ||<font size=4>走馬芹、野芹菜花、芹葉鈎吻</font> |
|} | |} | ||
== '''毒芹簡介''' == | == '''毒芹簡介''' == | ||
- | <font size= | + | <font size=4>1679年,毒芹就已被Wepfer等人記載對人具有毒性[1],外觀上與歐洲野防風(wild parsnip) 、野朝鮮薊(wild artichoke)及野生胡蘿蔔(wild carrot)相似,難以分辨[2]。其塊莖肥大為其特色之一,同時也是被認為全株植物最毒的部分[3, 4],生長地點通常在沼澤或河邊等靠近潮溼的地方。自17世紀被記載對人有毒性之後,到目前為止,從文獻上可搜尋到為數不少牲畜及人類的中毒案例報道。從這些案立報導可知毒芹最主要會引起神經性方面的中毒症狀出現,如痙攣及癲癇,症狀表現非常類似防己毒素(picrotoxin),也同樣作用於GABA接受體上[5],因此需要特別注意,千萬不可誤食。 |
</font> | </font> | ||
== '''產地''' == | == '''產地''' == | ||
- | <font size= | + | <font size=4>北半球之溫濕地帶</font> |
+ | |||
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=='''毒性研究'''== | =='''毒性研究'''== | ||
- | <font size= | + | <font size=4>目前經研究及實際臨床症狀發現,毒芹的毒性主要是作用於神經系統,其它也有相關 |
1996年,Strauβ發現cicutoxin可以有效的可逆性抑制活化T淋巴細胞(T lymphocyte)的鉀離子流(K+ currents),進而達到抑制T淋巴細胞增生,而此種現象呈現濃度正相關(5 × 10− 6–7 ×10−5 mol/l),EC50為1.8 × 10−5 mol/l[6]。 | 1996年,Strauβ發現cicutoxin可以有效的可逆性抑制活化T淋巴細胞(T lymphocyte)的鉀離子流(K+ currents),進而達到抑制T淋巴細胞增生,而此種現象呈現濃度正相關(5 × 10− 6–7 ×10−5 mol/l),EC50為1.8 × 10−5 mol/l[6]。 | ||
Uwai(1999)以virol A投藥到大鼠腦部分離出的海馬迴CA1神經元,發現virol A可逆性的降低GABAA所引起的氯離子流,且此現象有呈現濃度正相關。Virol A抑制GABAA所引起的氯離子流的IC50為9.6 x 10-7 M,EC50為6.5 x 10-5 M[7]。Wittstock(1997)也使用大蝸牛(Lymnaea stagnalis L.)的神經節投予cicutoxin及其相關類似物,如isocicutoxin, cicudiol, cicutol, falcarindiol, and falcarinol (20-100 μmol/l),發現cicutoxin及isocicutoxin 延長了神經節的再極化(repolarisation)時間,但isocicutoxin在更高濃度時降低再極化期時間。其餘聚乙炔物質皆無影響[8]。 | Uwai(1999)以virol A投藥到大鼠腦部分離出的海馬迴CA1神經元,發現virol A可逆性的降低GABAA所引起的氯離子流,且此現象有呈現濃度正相關。Virol A抑制GABAA所引起的氯離子流的IC50為9.6 x 10-7 M,EC50為6.5 x 10-5 M[7]。Wittstock(1997)也使用大蝸牛(Lymnaea stagnalis L.)的神經節投予cicutoxin及其相關類似物,如isocicutoxin, cicudiol, cicutol, falcarindiol, and falcarinol (20-100 μmol/l),發現cicutoxin及isocicutoxin 延長了神經節的再極化(repolarisation)時間,但isocicutoxin在更高濃度時降低再極化期時間。其餘聚乙炔物質皆無影響[8]。 | ||
- | *<font size= | + | *<font size=4 color=green>'''有毒成份'''</font> <font size=4> |
**cicutoxin:為一種結構為聚乙炔類的長碳鏈化合物[11] | **cicutoxin:為一種結構為聚乙炔類的長碳鏈化合物[11] | ||
**virol A[12]</font> | **virol A[12]</font> | ||
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- | *<font size= | + | *<font size=4 color=green>'''中毒劑量'''</font> |
- | <font size= | + | <font size=4> |
**15歲男性,吃入2至3份的毒芹莖後20-30分鐘,出現噁心感、開始出現大量分泌唾液、胃痙攣及嘔吐,且麩氨基酸草醋酸轉氨基酵素(Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase, GOT)、乳酸脫氫酵素(lactic dehydrogenase, LDH)、肌酸激酶(creatinine phosphatase, CPK)大量上升,約兩星期後才逐漸回復正常[1]。 | **15歲男性,吃入2至3份的毒芹莖後20-30分鐘,出現噁心感、開始出現大量分泌唾液、胃痙攣及嘔吐,且麩氨基酸草醋酸轉氨基酵素(Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase, GOT)、乳酸脫氫酵素(lactic dehydrogenase, LDH)、肌酸激酶(creatinine phosphatase, CPK)大量上升,約兩星期後才逐漸回復正常[1]。 | ||
**Cicutoxin的最小致死劑量範圍約為50-150 mg/kg[2]。 | **Cicutoxin的最小致死劑量範圍約為50-150 mg/kg[2]。 | ||
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</font> | </font> | ||
- | *<font size= | + | *<font size=4 color=green>'''機轉'''</font> |
- | <font size= | + | <font size=4> |
Cicutoxin進入人體後,最主要作用於抑制性接受器GABA受體,可非競爭性的抑制中樞神經GABA受體的氯離子通道,造成神經持續去極化(depolarization),而引起痙攣(seizure)。引起的急性毒性大小與cicutoxin及其相關衍生物結合到GABA上氯離子通道的能力相關[13, 14]。 | Cicutoxin進入人體後,最主要作用於抑制性接受器GABA受體,可非競爭性的抑制中樞神經GABA受體的氯離子通道,造成神經持續去極化(depolarization),而引起痙攣(seizure)。引起的急性毒性大小與cicutoxin及其相關衍生物結合到GABA上氯離子通道的能力相關[13, 14]。 | ||
- | </font> | + | </font> |
- | =='''治療方式'''== | + | =='''治療方式'''== |
- | <font size= | + | <font size=4> 目前由於植物中毒大部份都無特定療法,僅能以症狀治療控制中毒,因此此處說明的治療方式均案例報導中,臨床醫師所使用的治療方式。</font> |
- | + | <font size=4> | |
+ | *給予phenobarbital及Dilantin (phenytoin)緩解痙攣及癲癇現象[1]</font> | ||
=='''毒性分級'''== | =='''毒性分級'''== | ||
- | <font size= | + | <font size=4>[http://tcm-toxic.kmu.edu.tw/index.php/%E6%AF%92%E6%80%A7%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E 級數B, 等級3]</font> |
=='''參考文獻'''== | =='''參考文獻'''== | ||
- | <font size= | + | <font size=4> |
- | 1. Costanza DJ, Hoversten VW. Accidental ingestion of water hemlock. Report of two patients with acute and chronic effects. | + | 1. Costanza DJ, Hoversten VW. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1455113/ Accidental ingestion of water hemlock. Report of two patients with acute and chronic effects.] ''Califonia Medicine'' 1973; 119: 78-82. |
- | 2. Rizzi D, Basile C, Di Maggio A, Sebastio A, Introna F, Jr., Rizzi R, Scatizzi A, De Marco S, Smialek JE. Clinical spectrum of accidental hemlock poisoning: neurotoxic manifestations, rhabdomyolysis and acute tubular necrosis. | + | 2. Rizzi D, Basile C, Di Maggio A, Sebastio A, Introna F, Jr., Rizzi R, Scatizzi A, De Marco S, Smialek JE. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1798593 Clinical spectrum of accidental hemlock poisoning: neurotoxic manifestations, rhabdomyolysis and acute tubular necrosis.] ''Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation'' 1991; 6: 939-943. |
- | 3. Mitchell MI, Routledge PA. Hemlock water dropwort poisoning--a review. Clinical Toxicology 1978; 12: 417-426. | + | 3. Mitchell MI, Routledge PA. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/657757 Hemlock water dropwort poisoning--a review.] ''Clinical Toxicology'' 1978; 12: 417-426. |
- | 4. Ball MJ, Flather ML, Forfar JC. Hemlock water dropwort poisoning. | + | 4. Ball MJ, Flather ML, Forfar JC. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2428460/ Hemlock water dropwort poisoning.] ''Postgraduate Medical Journal'' 1987; 63: 363-365. |
- | 5. Panter KE, Baker DC, Kechele PO. Water hemlock (Cicuta douglasii) toxicoses in sheep: pathologic description and prevention of lesions and death. | + | 5. Panter KE, Baker DC, Kechele PO. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8953535 Water hemlock (Cicuta douglasii) toxicoses in sheep: pathologic description and prevention of lesions and death.] ''Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation'' 1996; 8: 474-480. |
- | 6. Strauss U, Wittstock U, Schubert R, Teuscher E, Jung S, Mix E. Cicutoxin from Cicuta virosa--a new and potent potassium channel blocker in T lymphocytes. | + | 6. Strauss U, Wittstock U, Schubert R, Teuscher E, Jung S, Mix E. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8604987 Cicutoxin from Cicuta virosa--a new and potent potassium channel blocker in T lymphocytes.] ''Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications'' 1996; 219: 332-336. |
- | 7. Uwai K, Ohashi K, Takaya Y, Oshima Y, Furukawa K, Yamagata K, Omura T, Okuyama S. Virol A, a toxic trans-polyacetylenic alcohol of Cicuta virosa, selectively inhibits the GABA-induced Cl(-) current in acutely dissociated rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. Brain Research 2001; 889: 174-180. | + | 7. Uwai K, Ohashi K, Takaya Y, Oshima Y, Furukawa K, Yamagata K, Omura T, Okuyama S. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11166701 Virol A, a toxic trans-polyacetylenic alcohol of Cicuta virosa, selectively inhibits the GABA-induced Cl(-) current in acutely dissociated rat hippocampal CA1 neurons.] ''Brain Research'' 2001; 889: 174-180. |
- | 8. Wittstock U, Lichtnow KH, Teuscher E. Effects of cicutoxin and related polyacetylenes from Cicuta virosa on neuronal action potentials: a comparative study on the mechanism of the convulsive action. Planta | + | 8. Wittstock U, Lichtnow KH, Teuscher E. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17252339 Effects of cicutoxin and related polyacetylenes from Cicuta virosa on neuronal action potentials: a comparative study on the mechanism of the convulsive action.] ''Planta Medica'' 1997; 63: 120-124. |
- | 9. Carlton BE, Tufts E, Girard DE. Water hemlock poisoning complicated by rhabdomyolysis and renal failure. Clinical Toxicology 1979; 14: 87-92. | + | 9. Carlton BE, Tufts E, Girard DE. [http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/15563657909030117 Water hemlock poisoning complicated by rhabdomyolysis and renal failure.] ''Clinical Toxicology'' 1979; 14: 87-92. |
- | 10. Starreveld E, Hope E. Cicutoxin poisoning (water hemlock). Neurology 1975; 25: 730-734. | + | 10. Starreveld E, Hope E. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1171406 Cicutoxin poisoning (water hemlock).] ''Neurology'' 1975; 25: 730-734. |
- | 11. Jacobson CA. Cicutoxin: the Poisonous Principle in Water Hemlock (Cicuta). Journal of the American Chemical Society 1915; 37: 916-934. | + | 11. Jacobson CA. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja02169a021 Cicutoxin: the Poisonous Principle in Water Hemlock (Cicuta).] ''Journal of the American Chemical Society'' 1915; 37: 916-934. |
- | 12. Uwai K, Oshima Y, Sugihara T, Ohta T. Syntheses and stereochemical assignment of toxic C17-polyacetylenic alcohols, virols A, B, and C, isolated from water hemlock (Cicuta virosa). Tetrahedron 1999; 55: 9469-9480. | + | 12. Uwai K, Oshima Y, Sugihara T, Ohta T. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040402099005207 Syntheses and stereochemical assignment of toxic C17-polyacetylenic alcohols, virols A, B, and C, isolated from water hemlock (Cicuta virosa).] ''Tetrahedron'' 1999; 55: 9469-9480. |
- | 13. Uwai K, Ohashi K, Takaya Y, Ohta T, Tadano T, Kisara K, Shibusawa K, Sakakibara R, Oshima Y. Exploring the Structural Basis of Neurotoxicity in C17-Polyacetylenes Isolated from Water Hemlock. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2000; 43: 4508-4515. | + | 13. Uwai K, Ohashi K, Takaya Y, Ohta T, Tadano T, Kisara K, Shibusawa K, Sakakibara R, Oshima Y. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11087575 Exploring the Structural Basis of Neurotoxicity in C17-Polyacetylenes Isolated from Water Hemlock.] ''Journal of Medicinal Chemistry'' 2000; 43: 4508-4515. |
14. Grundy HF, Howarth F. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1509614/ Pharmacological studies on hemlock water dropwort.] ''British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy'' 1956; 11: 225-230. | 14. Grundy HF, Howarth F. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1509614/ Pharmacological studies on hemlock water dropwort.] ''British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy'' 1956; 11: 225-230. | ||
- | |||
</font> | </font> | ||
- | [http://tcm-toxic.kmu.edu.tw/index.php/ | + | |
+ | {| | ||
+ | ||[http://tcm-toxic.kmu.edu.tw/index.php/%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%8D 中英文學名] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ||[http://tcm-toxic.kmu.edu.tw/index.php/%E7%B9%96%E5%BD%A2%E7%A7%91 科別] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ||[http://tcm-toxic.kmu.edu.tw/index.php/%E6%AF%92%E6%80%A7 毒性] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ||[http://tcm-toxic.kmu.edu.tw/index.php/%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80 症狀] | ||
+ | |} |
在2012年7月3日 (二) 13:17的最新修訂版本
中英文學名 | 科別 | 毒性 | 症狀 |
基本資料
科別 | 繖形科 Umbelliferae |
屬名 | 毒芹屬 Cicuta |
中文學名 | 毒芹 |
拉丁學名 | Cicuta virosa L. |
英文名稱 | Water hemlock, cow bane, five-finger root, snake weed, wild carrot |
中文俗名 | 走馬芹、野芹菜花、芹葉鈎吻 |
毒芹簡介
1679年,毒芹就已被Wepfer等人記載對人具有毒性[1],外觀上與歐洲野防風(wild parsnip) 、野朝鮮薊(wild artichoke)及野生胡蘿蔔(wild carrot)相似,難以分辨[2]。其塊莖肥大為其特色之一,同時也是被認為全株植物最毒的部分[3, 4],生長地點通常在沼澤或河邊等靠近潮溼的地方。自17世紀被記載對人有毒性之後,到目前為止,從文獻上可搜尋到為數不少牲畜及人類的中毒案例報道。從這些案立報導可知毒芹最主要會引起神經性方面的中毒症狀出現,如痙攣及癲癇,症狀表現非常類似防己毒素(picrotoxin),也同樣作用於GABA接受體上[5],因此需要特別注意,千萬不可誤食。
產地
北半球之溫濕地帶
毒性研究
目前經研究及實際臨床症狀發現,毒芹的毒性主要是作用於神經系統,其它也有相關 1996年,Strauβ發現cicutoxin可以有效的可逆性抑制活化T淋巴細胞(T lymphocyte)的鉀離子流(K+ currents),進而達到抑制T淋巴細胞增生,而此種現象呈現濃度正相關(5 × 10− 6–7 ×10−5 mol/l),EC50為1.8 × 10−5 mol/l[6]。 Uwai(1999)以virol A投藥到大鼠腦部分離出的海馬迴CA1神經元,發現virol A可逆性的降低GABAA所引起的氯離子流,且此現象有呈現濃度正相關。Virol A抑制GABAA所引起的氯離子流的IC50為9.6 x 10-7 M,EC50為6.5 x 10-5 M[7]。Wittstock(1997)也使用大蝸牛(Lymnaea stagnalis L.)的神經節投予cicutoxin及其相關類似物,如isocicutoxin, cicudiol, cicutol, falcarindiol, and falcarinol (20-100 μmol/l),發現cicutoxin及isocicutoxin 延長了神經節的再極化(repolarisation)時間,但isocicutoxin在更高濃度時降低再極化期時間。其餘聚乙炔物質皆無影響[8]。
- 有毒成份
- cicutoxin:為一種結構為聚乙炔類的長碳鏈化合物[11]
- virol A[12]
- 中毒劑量
- 15歲男性,吃入2至3份的毒芹莖後20-30分鐘,出現噁心感、開始出現大量分泌唾液、胃痙攣及嘔吐,且麩氨基酸草醋酸轉氨基酵素(Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase, GOT)、乳酸脫氫酵素(lactic dehydrogenase, LDH)、肌酸激酶(creatinine phosphatase, CPK)大量上升,約兩星期後才逐漸回復正常[1]。
- Cicutoxin的最小致死劑量範圍約為50-150 mg/kg[2]。
- 使用Litchfield-Wilcoxon法,餵食小鼠cicutoxin、virol A、virol B及virol C所得的LD50分別為2.8, 9.5, >100及>100 mg/kg[12]。
- 機轉
Cicutoxin進入人體後,最主要作用於抑制性接受器GABA受體,可非競爭性的抑制中樞神經GABA受體的氯離子通道,造成神經持續去極化(depolarization),而引起痙攣(seizure)。引起的急性毒性大小與cicutoxin及其相關衍生物結合到GABA上氯離子通道的能力相關[13, 14]。
治療方式
目前由於植物中毒大部份都無特定療法,僅能以症狀治療控制中毒,因此此處說明的治療方式均案例報導中,臨床醫師所使用的治療方式。
- 給予phenobarbital及Dilantin (phenytoin)緩解痙攣及癲癇現象[1]
毒性分級
參考文獻
1. Costanza DJ, Hoversten VW. Accidental ingestion of water hemlock. Report of two patients with acute and chronic effects. Califonia Medicine 1973; 119: 78-82.
2. Rizzi D, Basile C, Di Maggio A, Sebastio A, Introna F, Jr., Rizzi R, Scatizzi A, De Marco S, Smialek JE. Clinical spectrum of accidental hemlock poisoning: neurotoxic manifestations, rhabdomyolysis and acute tubular necrosis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1991; 6: 939-943.
3. Mitchell MI, Routledge PA. Hemlock water dropwort poisoning--a review. Clinical Toxicology 1978; 12: 417-426.
4. Ball MJ, Flather ML, Forfar JC. Hemlock water dropwort poisoning. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1987; 63: 363-365.
5. Panter KE, Baker DC, Kechele PO. Water hemlock (Cicuta douglasii) toxicoses in sheep: pathologic description and prevention of lesions and death. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1996; 8: 474-480.
6. Strauss U, Wittstock U, Schubert R, Teuscher E, Jung S, Mix E. Cicutoxin from Cicuta virosa--a new and potent potassium channel blocker in T lymphocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1996; 219: 332-336.
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