粗糠柴
出自台灣有毒中草藥毒性資料庫
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== '''參考文獻''' == | == '''參考文獻''' == | ||
| - | 1. Maheswari JK, Singh K, Shah S. Ethanomedicinal uses of plants by the Tharus of Kheri District, U.P. Bulletin of Medico-Ethno-Botanical Research 1980; 1: 318-337. | + | <font size=3> |
| + | 1. Maheswari JK, Singh K, Shah S. [http://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/root/M/65433/ Ethanomedicinal uses of plants by the Tharus of Kheri District, U.P.] ''Bulletin of Medico-Ethno-Botanical Research'' 1980; 1: 318-337. | ||
| - | 2. Singh RH, Singhal KC, Khan NU. Antifilarial activity of Mallotus philippensis Lam. on Setaria cervi (nematode: Filaroidea) in vitro. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1997; 41: 397--403. | + | 2. Singh RH, Singhal KC, Khan NU. [http://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/root/S/116446/ Antifilarial activity of Mallotus philippensis Lam. on Setaria cervi (nematode: Filaroidea) in vitro.] ''Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology'' 1997; 41: 397--403. |
| - | 3. Taylor RS, Edel F, Manandhar NP, Towers GH. Antimicrobial activities of southern Nepalese medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1996; 50: 97-102. | + | 3. Taylor RS, Edel F, Manandhar NP, Towers GH. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378874195013350 Antimicrobial activities of southern Nepalese medicinal plants.] ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' 1996; 50: 97-102. |
| - | 4. Srivastava MC, Singh SW, Tewari JP. Anthelmintic activity of Mallotus philippinensis (kampila) powder. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1967; 55: 746-748. | + | 4. Srivastava MC, Singh SW, Tewari JP. [http://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/root/S2/445s/ Anthelmintic activity of Mallotus philippinensis (kampila) powder.] ''Indian Journal of Medical Research'' 1967; 55: 746-748. |
| - | 5. Gupta SS, Verma P, Hishikar K. Purgative and anthelmintic effects of Mallotus philippinensis in rats against tape worm. Indian | + | 5. Gupta SS, Verma P, Hishikar K. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6490133 Purgative and anthelmintic effects of Mallotus philippinensis in rats against tape worm.] Indian ''Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology'' 1984; 28: 63-66. |
| - | 6. Daikonya A, Katsuki S, Wu J-B, Kitanaka S. Anti-allergic Agents from Natural Sources (4): Anti-allergic Activity of New Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Mallotus philippensis (Euphorbiaceae). Chemical & | + | 6. Daikonya A, Katsuki S, Wu J-B, Kitanaka S. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12499591 Anti-allergic Agents from Natural Sources (4): Anti-allergic Activity of New Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Mallotus philippensis (Euphorbiaceae).] ''Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin'' 2002; 50: 1566-1569. |
| - | 7. Gschwendt M, Muller HJ, Kielbassa K, Zang R, Kittstein W, Rincke G, Marks F. Rottlerin, a novel protein kinase inhibitor. | + | 7. Gschwendt M, Muller HJ, Kielbassa K, Zang R, Kittstein W, Rincke G, Marks F. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8123051 Rottlerin, a novel protein kinase inhibitor.] ''Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications'' 1994; 199: 93-98. |
| - | 8. Gujral ML, Varma DR, Sareen KN. Oral contraceptives. Part I. Preliminary observations on the antifertility effect of some indigenous drugs. Indian | + | 8. Gujral ML, Varma DR, Sareen KN. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13830235 Oral contraceptives. Part I. Preliminary observations on the antifertility effect of some indigenous drugs.] ''Indian Journal of Medical Research'' 1960; 48: 46-51. |
| - | 9. Gujral ML, Varma DR, Sareen KN, Roy AK. Oral contraceptives. Part II. Antifertility effect of Mallotus philippinensis Mueller-argoviensis. Indian | + | 9. Gujral ML, Varma DR, Sareen KN, Roy AK. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13830236 Oral contraceptives. Part II. Antifertility effect of Mallotus philippinensis Mueller-argoviensis.] ''Indian Journal of Medical Research'' 1960; 48: 52-58. |
| - | 10. Thakur SC, Thakur SS, Chaube SK, Singh SP. An etheral extract of Kamala (Mallotus philippinensis (Moll.Arg) Lam.) seed induce adverse effects on reproductive parameters of female rats. | + | 10. Thakur SC, Thakur SS, Chaube SK, Singh SP. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15808798 An etheral extract of Kamala (Mallotus philippinensis (Moll.Arg) Lam.) seed induce adverse effects on reproductive parameters of female rats.] ''Reproductive Toxicology'' 2005; 20: 149-156. |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| + | 11. Smit HF, Woerdenbag HJ, Singh RH, Meulenbeld GJ, Labadie RP, Zwaving JH. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7500639 Ayurvedic herbal drugs with possible cytostatic activity.] ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' 1995; 47: 75-84. | ||
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目錄 |
基本資料
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科別 | 大戟科 Euphorbiaceae |
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屬名 | 野桐屬 Mallotus |
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中文學名 | 粗糠柴 |
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拉丁學名 | Mallotus philipinensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. |
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英文名稱 | Kamala Tree、Monkey Face Tree |
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中文俗名 | 呂宋楸毛、山荔枝、柿糊木、六稔仔、紅果果、六檢仔、嘮哩仔、菲島桐、菲律賓野桐、Konobu'zzi(排灣) |
植物圖片
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粗糠柴莖 |
粗糠柴葉背 |
粗糠柴葉正 | |
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粗糠柴果實 |
粗糠柴雌花 |
粗糠柴雄花 |
粗糠柴簡介
粗糠柴，英文可稱為kamala，在印度的傳統中藥中使用了非常長的一段時間。目前根據記載根、莖、葉、果實等部分均可用於治療疾病，葉可用於治療皮膚的寄生傳染疾病，也可用於刺激性慾、止血及抗絲蟲之用[1, 2]；根莖具有抗菌的能力[3]；果實的莢膜可作為瀉劑及治療蛔蟲[4, 5]；果實俱有抗發炎效果[6]。
外觀簡述
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莖 | 小喬木，莖高可達約10 公尺，直徑約20~40 公分，樹幹筆直，樹皮平滑；小枝、幼葉、幼花和花序均披褐色星狀柔毛。 |
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葉 | 單葉互生，具葉柄，柄長約 5~12 公分；葉長約 6~16 公分，寬約2~5 公分，菱形披針形或卵狀長橢圓形，全緣，掌狀脈，主葉脈三出，葉背綠白色，被星狀短毛和暗紅色腺點，葉正面近葉柄處有 2 暗紅色腺體。 |
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花 | 花小且多數，雌雄異株或同株，總狀花序排列；花序頂生或腋生，長約 8~16 公分；雄花多數，花絲短，離生；雌花單生於花序上，花萼 2~6 裂，但大多數為 5 裂，裂片三角形，長 0.2~0.3 公分，先端銳尖；子房三是，花柱短，柱頭三枚。花期 3~5 月。 |
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果實 | 蒴果，扁球形，三稜，長 0.5~0.8 公分，果皮表面暗紅色，披有紅色星狀毛；種仁一至三個。果期 7~9 月。 |
產地
大陸華南、印度、澳洲北部、菲律賓及台灣。台灣低海拔闊葉樹林中，常為散生狀態。
毒性研究
- 有毒成分
- Rottlerin[7-9]
- 中毒劑量
- 口服給予100 mg/kg/bw的粗糠柴種子乙醚萃取物連續三十天，影響FSH及LH分泌量及濾泡週期[10]。
- 體外試驗給予COLO 320腫瘤細胞100 μg/mL粗糠柴腺體萃取物，半數致死劑量為16.7 ± 0.5 μg/mL[11]。
- 生殖毒性
粗糠柴種子以乙醚萃取後，連續投予母鼠30天，在100 mg/kg/bw下，可發現：
- 血中促濾泡成熟激素(follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH)下降 ，
- 促黃體生成激素(luteinizing hormone, LH)下降，
- 雌激素(estradiol)、卵巢(ovary)及子宮(uterus)相對重量下降，
- 發育中濾泡(developing follicles)數量下降，閉鎖濾泡(atretic follicles)數量上升，
- 西方點墨法(western blotting)測量卵巢中的Bax蛋白含量高於控制組2.5倍，
- 排卵(ovulated eggs)及黃體(corpora lutea)數量下降，
- 發情週期(oestrus cycle)次數減少，但時間變長，
- 動情期(oestrus phase)及動情前期(proestrus phase)下降，動情後期(metestrous phase)及間情期(diestrous phase)上升，
- 母鼠不孕比例及受精卵著床數下降。
- 機轉
針對血液中FSH及LH分泌量降低的可能原因，推測為粗糠柴會影響到下丘腦及腦垂體腺體，而導致FSH及LH分泌量減少，使濾泡發育、濾泡質量、排卵量、黃體形成、動情週期都受到影響[10]。
毒性分級
參考文獻
1. Maheswari JK, Singh K, Shah S. Ethanomedicinal uses of plants by the Tharus of Kheri District, U.P. Bulletin of Medico-Ethno-Botanical Research 1980; 1: 318-337.
2. Singh RH, Singhal KC, Khan NU. Antifilarial activity of Mallotus philippensis Lam. on Setaria cervi (nematode: Filaroidea) in vitro. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1997; 41: 397--403.
3. Taylor RS, Edel F, Manandhar NP, Towers GH. Antimicrobial activities of southern Nepalese medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1996; 50: 97-102.
4. Srivastava MC, Singh SW, Tewari JP. Anthelmintic activity of Mallotus philippinensis (kampila) powder. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1967; 55: 746-748.
5. Gupta SS, Verma P, Hishikar K. Purgative and anthelmintic effects of Mallotus philippinensis in rats against tape worm. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1984; 28: 63-66.
6. Daikonya A, Katsuki S, Wu J-B, Kitanaka S. Anti-allergic Agents from Natural Sources (4): Anti-allergic Activity of New Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Mallotus philippensis (Euphorbiaceae). Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2002; 50: 1566-1569.
7. Gschwendt M, Muller HJ, Kielbassa K, Zang R, Kittstein W, Rincke G, Marks F. Rottlerin, a novel protein kinase inhibitor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1994; 199: 93-98.
8. Gujral ML, Varma DR, Sareen KN. Oral contraceptives. Part I. Preliminary observations on the antifertility effect of some indigenous drugs. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1960; 48: 46-51.
9. Gujral ML, Varma DR, Sareen KN, Roy AK. Oral contraceptives. Part II. Antifertility effect of Mallotus philippinensis Mueller-argoviensis. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1960; 48: 52-58.
10. Thakur SC, Thakur SS, Chaube SK, Singh SP. An etheral extract of Kamala (Mallotus philippinensis (Moll.Arg) Lam.) seed induce adverse effects on reproductive parameters of female rats. Reproductive Toxicology 2005; 20: 149-156.
11. Smit HF, Woerdenbag HJ, Singh RH, Meulenbeld GJ, Labadie RP, Zwaving JH. Ayurvedic herbal drugs with possible cytostatic activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1995; 47: 75-84.
